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==Near-Harad==
 
==Near-Harad==
   
*1 – 470 Continuing decline of [[Khand]]. Its borders are pushed back to the [[Gap of Khand]] (v. Khandu Prakhod) in the north, and to the banks of [[Noz Peka]] in the south.
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*1 – 470 Continuing decline of [[Khand]]. Its borders are pushed back to the [[Gap of Khand]] (v. Khandu Prakhod) in the north, and to the banks of [[Noz Peka]] in the south.
   
 
*1 For the first centuries of Third Age, [[Umbar]] dominates the coastal trade, while [[Gondor]] controls the old [[Numenorean]] roads leading north. The four lands of the River [[Haruzan]], [[Pezarsan]], [[Chelkar]] and [[Lurmsakûn]] are independent. [[Nurn]] is ruined, and the [[Nurniags]] reduced to a nation of [[nomad]]s and [[beggars]]. Khand and [[Chey lands]] are in tribal chaos. This could have been a new Heroic Age, if there had not been incessant quarrelling of the Haruze [[tarb]]s.
 
*1 For the first centuries of Third Age, [[Umbar]] dominates the coastal trade, while [[Gondor]] controls the old [[Numenorean]] roads leading north. The four lands of the River [[Haruzan]], [[Pezarsan]], [[Chelkar]] and [[Lurmsakûn]] are independent. [[Nurn]] is ruined, and the [[Nurniags]] reduced to a nation of [[nomad]]s and [[beggars]]. Khand and [[Chey lands]] are in tribal chaos. This could have been a new Heroic Age, if there had not been incessant quarrelling of the Haruze [[tarb]]s.
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*2 Disaster of the [[Gladden Fields]]. [[Isildur]] is killed during an [[Orc]]ish ambush.
 
*2 Disaster of the [[Gladden Fields]]. [[Isildur]] is killed during an [[Orc]]ish ambush.
   
*5-600 The Variags are driven from Lurmsakûn; Haruze [[prince]]s occasionally establish dominion over parts of the [[Lower Khand]] and the [[middle Ered Harmal passes]].
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*5-600 The Variags are driven from Lurmsakûn; Haruze [[prince]]s occasionally establish dominion over parts of the [[Lower Khand]] and the [[middle Ered Harmal passes]].
   
   
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*830 [[Tarannon Falastur]] gives the name of [[Harondor]] to the newly-acquired provincial domain south of the [[Poros]]. [[Lond Tolfalas]], Mírlond and [[Glanhir]] receive township status from Tarannon. In Umbar, the Captains call for war, but [[Taskrel Eben Fensayk]] of [[Amrûn]] is able to promote a policy of reconciliation between Gondor and Umbar. This will lead instead to some incidents and provocations (sabotage, piracy) instead of open fighting.
 
*830 [[Tarannon Falastur]] gives the name of [[Harondor]] to the newly-acquired provincial domain south of the [[Poros]]. [[Lond Tolfalas]], Mírlond and [[Glanhir]] receive township status from Tarannon. In Umbar, the Captains call for war, but [[Taskrel Eben Fensayk]] of [[Amrûn]] is able to promote a policy of reconciliation between Gondor and Umbar. This will lead instead to some incidents and provocations (sabotage, piracy) instead of open fighting.
   
*830 (fall) The [[Zâur an-Anî]] (the Creed of Men), a [[Mulkhêr]]ite cult, starts again to influence the [[Council of Captains]] of Umbar, in the course of actions to take against Gondor and [[Bellakar]].
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*830 (fall) The [[Zâur an-Anî]] (the Creed of Men), a [[Mulkhêr]]ite cult, starts again to influence the [[Council of Captains]] of Umbar, in the course of actions to take against Gondor and [[Bellakar]].
   
 
*831 Taskrel Eben Fensayk of Amrûn tries to maintain peace between Gondor and Umbar, through a truce agreement, but he is unable to avoid incidents and provocations from both realms.
 
*831 Taskrel Eben Fensayk of Amrûn tries to maintain peace between Gondor and Umbar, through a truce agreement, but he is unable to avoid incidents and provocations from both realms.
 
 
*845 [[Zagarkhâd]], member of the Council of the Captains, ally with the [[Nuzhaj]], a venerable order of Haruze [[scholars]] that had its roots in the Dark Years of [[Second Age]].
 
*845 [[Zagarkhâd]], member of the Council of the Captains, ally with the [[Nuzhaj]], a venerable order of Haruze [[scholars]] that had its roots in the Dark Years of [[Second Age]].
   
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*913-933 [[Eärnil I]] succeeds Tarannon, repairs the haven of Pelargir, and builds a great navy.
 
*913-933 [[Eärnil I]] succeeds Tarannon, repairs the haven of Pelargir, and builds a great navy.
   
*918 The [[Jelut]] of the [[Urdwaith]], the desert country east of Umbar, are unified by a nomad dynasty, the [[Muargiz]], who are experts in cavalry warfare.
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*918 The [[Jelut]] of the [[Urdwaith]], the desert country east of Umbar, are unified by a nomad dynasty, the [[Muargiz]], who are experts in cavalry warfare.
   
 
*933 The Zâur an-Anî seizes control of Umbar and rebuilds the temple of Mulkhêr.
 
*933 The Zâur an-Anî seizes control of Umbar and rebuilds the temple of Mulkhêr.
   
*933 [[Eärnil]] of Gondor invests Umbar as a fortress of Gondor. Defeated by Eärnil I, the lords of Umbar and their forces retreat to bases around the [[Nen Umbar]] ([[Dûsalan]], [[Mardruak]]), to [[Ramlond]] ([[Abârlôni]]) and to [[Tirith Argon]] ([[Târik an-Ârûrud]]), and as far as the [[Thânî Hazad]] in [[farthest Harad]], where they try to build a Southron Alliance against Gondor. Amrûn refuses to join openly to the Southron Alliance. The Mulkhêr temple in Umbar is destroyed.
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*933 [[Eärnil]] of Gondor invests Umbar as a fortress of Gondor. Defeated by Eärnil I, the lords of Umbar and their forces retreat to bases around the [[Nen Umbar]] ([[Dûsalan]], [[Mardruak]]), to [[Ramlond]] ([[Abârlôni]]) and to [[Tirith Argon]] ([[Târik an-Ârûrud]]), and as far as the [[Thânî Hazad]] in [[farthest Harad]], where they try to build a Southron Alliance against Gondor. Amrûn refuses to join openly to the Southron Alliance. The Mulkhêr temple in Umbar is destroyed.
   
 
*950 The Varjev disintegrates in Pezarsan. Several petty realms claim the succession of the Varjev realm.
 
*950 The Varjev disintegrates in Pezarsan. Several petty realms claim the succession of the Varjev realm.
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*987 [[Tallas Lengur]], the last [[Taskrel]] King of his line, foolishly engages into a conflict against Gondor. He is defeated at [[Taloc Passage]], on the lower Carnen just above [[Gobel Ancalimon]], and [[Cyriandil]] annexes all the lands between the Carnen and the Middle Carnen. Ciryaher founds the settlement of [[Barad Harn]].
 
*987 [[Tallas Lengur]], the last [[Taskrel]] King of his line, foolishly engages into a conflict against Gondor. He is defeated at [[Taloc Passage]], on the lower Carnen just above [[Gobel Ancalimon]], and [[Cyriandil]] annexes all the lands between the Carnen and the Middle Carnen. Ciryaher founds the settlement of [[Barad Harn]].
   
*988 [[Tiras Amrûn]] established to counter Umbarean influence in Amrûn. [[Eben Imocra]] of [[Engiz]] signs an alliance and claims friendship with Gondor, and becomes the new ruler of Amrûn.
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*988 [[Tiras Amrûn]] established to counter Umbarean influence in Amrûn. [[Eben Imocra]] of [[Engiz]] signs an alliance and claims friendship with Gondor, and becomes the new ruler of Amrûn.
   
 
*990-97 [[Eben Akil]] conquers all Pezarsan, and unofficially joins the Southron Alliance.
 
*990-97 [[Eben Akil]] conquers all Pezarsan, and unofficially joins the Southron Alliance.
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*1049 [[Kadar an-Bêlabâr]] (Ancalimon’s town) is taken by the [[Bellakarâni]], while Cyriaher achieves a great victory at [[Blacksand vale]] against the Southron Alliance, and is therefore called [[Hyarmendacil]], the South Victor.
 
*1049 [[Kadar an-Bêlabâr]] (Ancalimon’s town) is taken by the [[Bellakarâni]], while Cyriaher achieves a great victory at [[Blacksand vale]] against the Southron Alliance, and is therefore called [[Hyarmendacil]], the South Victor.
   
*1050 [[Hyarmendacil I]], the last Ship-king, conquers [[Harad]] and forces its Kings to accept Gondor as overlord. Gondor is at the height of its power. A descendant of [[Eben Fensayk]] is crowned in Amrûn.
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*1050 [[Hyarmendacil I]], the last Ship-king, conquers [[Harad]] and forces its Kings to accept Gondor as overlord. Gondor is at the height of its power. A descendant of [[Eben Fensayk]] is crowned in Amrûn.
   
 
*1055 Rise of the Arbitrars (those wishing to extend Gondor’s power) and of the Purists (those considering most the racial pride) in Gondor, after a failed attempt of pacification of Pezarsan and Lurmsakûn. The Arbitrars are in truth used by the Haruze, and particularly the [[Seraf]] (warriors by day, scholars at evening, and poets at night)), to fight their wars as surely as Uvatha used the Variags.
 
*1055 Rise of the Arbitrars (those wishing to extend Gondor’s power) and of the Purists (those considering most the racial pride) in Gondor, after a failed attempt of pacification of Pezarsan and Lurmsakûn. The Arbitrars are in truth used by the Haruze, and particularly the [[Seraf]] (warriors by day, scholars at evening, and poets at night)), to fight their wars as surely as Uvatha used the Variags.
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*1216 [[Erenin]], daughter of [[Erenvil]], third son of King [[Atanatar]], travels across Endor by way of Haruze and Chey lands and then eastward, pursued by [[priests]] of the [[Cult of the Fire King]], servants of [[Ren the Nazgûl]]. She slays ten of them in a series of duels in the cities of the [[Lóchas Drûs]], then sails home on an Umbarean ship. She begs her grandfather for warriors to defeat the minions of the Shadow she saw in every eastern land. The King refuses.
 
*1216 [[Erenin]], daughter of [[Erenvil]], third son of King [[Atanatar]], travels across Endor by way of Haruze and Chey lands and then eastward, pursued by [[priests]] of the [[Cult of the Fire King]], servants of [[Ren the Nazgûl]]. She slays ten of them in a series of duels in the cities of the [[Lóchas Drûs]], then sails home on an Umbarean ship. She begs her grandfather for warriors to defeat the minions of the Shadow she saw in every eastern land. The King refuses.
   
*1222 Erenin leaves for [[Maresh]], joining her father and the Grand Captain [[Turgon]]. They prepare a Sacred War for a final cleansing of evil from the lands of Middle-earth. [[Pell Vuk]] (or Rosethorn as he is called in the chronicles in the West) and [[Pegan Soy]] (or Whitetail) hear of the Dúnedain gathering west of the Suncrown. They make peace with the Variag on their western frontier and renew their alliance with the Ahar to the east, then send stern letters to Maresh, warning the Holy Warriors gathered there to consider that the Chey warlords, in their way, also fought the forces of evil.
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*1222 Erenin leaves for [[Maresh]], joining her father and the Grand Captain [[Turgon]]. They prepare a Sacred War for a final cleansing of evil from the lands of Middle-earth. [[Pell Vuk]] (or Rosethorn as he is called in the chronicles in the West) and [[Pegan Soy]] (or Whitetail) hear of the Dúnedain gathering west of the Suncrown. They make peace with the Variag on their western frontier and renew their alliance with the Ahar to the east, then send stern letters to Maresh, warning the Holy Warriors gathered there to consider that the Chey warlords, in their way, also fought the forces of evil.
   
*1223 The Sacred War begins. From Maresh the Sacred Band, some four thousand Gondorians and ten times that number of Haradrim, marches onto the Plateau of Khand. They break the Variag forces near the fortress of Ovatharac in sight of the peaks of the Suncrown and advance on Sturlurtsa Khand. Ûvatha, brooding in his dark palace, ignores Erenvil’s challenge to single combat. After a second bloody victory outside Sturlurtsa Khand ruins the main Variag army, plague breaks out in the city and the Sacred Band’s leaders refuse to risk a siege. Satisfied with their work, they march down from the plateau and into eastern Lurmsakûn. That autumn they cross the Ered Harmal, bypass the Avar forests, and secure quarters and supply in Heb Aaraan, east of the mountains.
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*1223 The Sacred War begins. From Maresh the Sacred Band, some four thousand Gondorians and ten times that number of Haradrim, marches onto the Plateau of Khand. They break the Variag forces near the fortress of Ovatharac in sight of the peaks of the Suncrown and advance on Sturlurtsa Khand. Ûvatha, brooding in his dark palace, ignores Erenvil’s challenge to single combat. After a second bloody victory outside Sturlurtsa Khand ruins the main Variag army, plague breaks out in the city and the Sacred Band’s leaders refuse to risk a siege. Satisfied with their work, they march down from the plateau and into eastern Lurmsakûn. That autumn they cross the Ered Harmal, bypass the Avar forests, and secure quarters and supply in Heb Aaraan, east of the mountains.
   
*1224 Turgon and Erenvil strike out across the steppes and find nothing as their enemies retreat before them. They head first for [[Ulk Chey Sart]], anticipating that the Chey and their allies will defend it. Instead, they find it erupting and spewing a foul smoke, polluting the springs and streams and killing the horses and cattle. After a battle at the foot of Ulk Chey Sart and the capture of Pegan Soy, the Holy Warriors pursue the seemingly retraining Chey to the north-east, intending to drive the Chey across their eastern frontiers and water their horses in the great river Numahar. After days of painful walk across trackless, waterless country swarming with steppe warriors, Turgon, Erenvil and Erenin and thousands of others, are all killed at the [[Battle of Calterc]] Prairie.
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*1224 Turgon and Erenvil strike out across the steppes and find nothing as their enemies retreat before them. They head first for [[Ulk Chey Sart]], anticipating that the Chey and their allies will defend it. Instead, they find it erupting and spewing a foul smoke, polluting the springs and streams and killing the horses and cattle. After a battle at the foot of Ulk Chey Sart and the capture of Pegan Soy, the Holy Warriors pursue the seemingly retraining Chey to the north-east, intending to drive the Chey across their eastern frontiers and water their horses in the great river Numahar. After days of painful walk across trackless, waterless country swarming with steppe warriors, Turgon, Erenvil and Erenin and thousands of others, are all killed at the [[Battle of Calterc]] Prairie.
   
 
*1225 The corpse of Princess Erenin is brought back in a cask to King Atanatar. In the aftermath of Calterc Prairie, all of the high plains of central Endor are aflame with war.
 
*1225 The corpse of Princess Erenin is brought back in a cask to King Atanatar. In the aftermath of Calterc Prairie, all of the high plains of central Endor are aflame with war.
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*1432 – 1448 The [[Kin-strife]] in Gondor, between the royalists of Eldacar and the confederates (or traditionalists) of [[Castamir]]. [[Taskrel]] [[Jusan Akil]] of Amrûn attempts to reconciliate Eldacar and Castamir, but is ignored.
 
*1432 – 1448 The [[Kin-strife]] in Gondor, between the royalists of Eldacar and the confederates (or traditionalists) of [[Castamir]]. [[Taskrel]] [[Jusan Akil]] of Amrûn attempts to reconciliate Eldacar and Castamir, but is ignored.
   
*1447 – 1451 Variag under Ûvatha conquer Lurmsakûn. The second Variag empire is at its greatest extent. Jusan Akil of Amrûn organizes an alliance against Ûvatha. Pezarsan remains an Haruze territory.
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*1447 – 1451 Variag under Ûvatha conquer Lurmsakûn. The second Variag empire is at its greatest extent. Jusan Akil of Amrûn organizes an alliance against Ûvatha. Pezarsan remains an Haruze territory.
   
*1479-80 Taskrel [[Jusan Tural]] of Amrûn conquers the [[East March]] of Harondor from the confederates, who offer out of desperation to subsidize an Amrûn invasion of Ithilien. But Jusan Tural turns eastward to put an end to the Variag raids into Pezarsan.
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*1479-80 Taskrel [[Jusan Tural]] of Amrûn conquers the [[East March]] of Harondor from the confederates, who offer out of desperation to subsidize an Amrûn invasion of Ithilien. But Jusan Tural turns eastward to put an end to the Variag raids into Pezarsan.
   
 
*1490-1508 [[Emig Cosrah]] unites Pezarsan in revolt against Amrûn. He then takes Lurmsakûn from the Variags, then subjugates Amrûn. Emig sends his grandson [[Temer]] to study in Gondor.
 
*1490-1508 [[Emig Cosrah]] unites Pezarsan in revolt against Amrûn. He then takes Lurmsakûn from the Variags, then subjugates Amrûn. Emig sends his grandson [[Temer]] to study in Gondor.
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*1523 Emig Cosrah is murdered by an Umbarean [[assassin]]. [[Temer Cosrah]] reaches in disguise Pezarsan.
 
*1523 Emig Cosrah is murdered by an Umbarean [[assassin]]. [[Temer Cosrah]] reaches in disguise Pezarsan.
   
*c. 1530-1540 The [[Cosrah]] rule more territory than any Haruze since the Varjev, a thousand years before. Sauron, watching with alarm orders his servants to break up the new power. Temer Cosrah subdues much of Chelkar. Intervention by Uvatha leads to a war with the Variags, started at the behest of Sauron. This destracts Temer from his plans to conquer Harondor and the Ethirest, but drives Uvatha back into Khand.
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*c. 1530-1540 The [[Cosrah]] rule more territory than any Haruze since the Varjev, a thousand years before. Sauron, watching with alarm orders his servants to break up the new power. Temer Cosrah subdues much of Chelkar. Intervention by Uvatha leads to a war with the Variags, started at the behest of Sauron. This destracts Temer from his plans to conquer Harondor and the Ethirest, but drives Uvatha back into Khand.
   
 
*1540 [[Aldamir]] retakes Harnendor from the rebels, capturing [[Amon Eithel]], Barad Harn and Gobel Mirlond but is slain in the process. In reaction, the Umbarean Council appoints [[Castamaitë]] Admiral of the Ethir Fleet. [[Vinyarion]] fortifies the Men Harnen.
 
*1540 [[Aldamir]] retakes Harnendor from the rebels, capturing [[Amon Eithel]], Barad Harn and Gobel Mirlond but is slain in the process. In reaction, the Umbarean Council appoints [[Castamaitë]] Admiral of the Ethir Fleet. [[Vinyarion]] fortifies the Men Harnen.
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*1545 Vinyarion captures Tiras Amrûn.
 
*1545 Vinyarion captures Tiras Amrûn.
   
*1549 Near Harad is united under Temer Cosrah. He forms a new [[Southron Alliance]] to prevent Gondor from regaining its dominance in Harad. The [[Grand Autarb]] gains allies among Variags, Umbareans, and Chey . Vinyarion of Gondor grants Umbar a twenty-year truce to gather strength against the Southron Alliance. Umbar uses the truce to rebuild its military and solidify its trading position in Western Endor.
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*1549 Near Harad is united under Temer Cosrah. He forms a new [[Southron Alliance]] to prevent Gondor from regaining its dominance in Harad. The [[Grand Autarb]] gains allies among Variags, Umbareans, and Chey . Vinyarion of Gondor grants Umbar a twenty-year truce to gather strength against the Southron Alliance. Umbar uses the truce to rebuild its military and solidify its trading position in Western Endor.
   
*1551 Vinyarion defeats the united armies of the Haradrim on the [[River of Graves]], slaying Temer Cosrah. He accepts the nominal allegiance of several cities in Near Harad and takes the name [[Hyarmendacil II]].
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*1551 Vinyarion defeats the united armies of the Haradrim on the [[River of Graves]], slaying Temer Cosrah. He accepts the nominal allegiance of several cities in Near Harad and takes the name [[Hyarmendacil II]].
   
*1551-95 The Variags gain a tenuous control over Lurmsakun.
+
*1551-95 The Variags gain a tenuous control over Lurmsakun.
   
 
*1572 Ûvatha regais control of Lurmsakûn, but his Variag hordes are weaker than they had once been.
 
*1572 Ûvatha regais control of Lurmsakûn, but his Variag hordes are weaker than they had once been.
   
*1613-1622 An alliance of Haruze lords lords rises in Pezarsan and drives Variags out of Lurmsakûn. The invading barbarians return to Khand, greatly weakened.
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*1613-1622 An alliance of Haruze lords lords rises in Pezarsan and drives Variags out of Lurmsakûn. The invading barbarians return to Khand, greatly weakened.
   
*1634 The [[Corsairs]] attack Pelargir and slay King [[Minardil]].
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*1634 The [[Corsairs]] attack Pelargir and slay King [[Minardil]].
   
*1636 The [[Great Plague]] passes through Harad, slaying perhaps a quarter of the population. Earthquakes destroy cities of Amrûn and Gobel Ancalimon. Corsair raids begin again, as factions quarrel within the government of Umbar.
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*1636 The [[Great Plague]] passes through Harad, slaying perhaps a quarter of the population. Earthquakes destroy cities of Amrûn and Gobel Ancalimon. Corsair raids begin again, as factions quarrel within the government of Umbar.
   
*1671 – 1672 [[Parnelion Sey]] comes out of his refuge at [[Red Holes]] and leads his people in a rebellion that sweeps the Chey out of Ahar territory. Parnelion lieutenant, [[Alafar Mem]], leads his hard-riding army to victory, invading Chey Sart in utter fury. An aging, but still vigorous [[Ovatha Ito]] leads an army against the Aharin in order to preserve and protect his holdings in Chey Sart. The united Variag and Chey armies are defeated and routed when, ironically, Ovatha, the horse-slayer himself is crushed under his own horse. This defeat at the [[Battle of the Grass Tombs]] in Central Chey Sart marks the beginning of the Empire of Khand’s decline and decay. During the next 54 years, the [[bard]] enjoys the unprecedented honour of being the master of all the Ahar Warrior-kings.
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*1671 – 1672 [[Parnelion Sey]] comes out of his refuge at [[Red Holes]] and leads his people in a rebellion that sweeps the Chey out of Ahar territory. Parnelion lieutenant, [[Alafar Mem]], leads his hard-riding army to victory, invading Chey Sart in utter fury. An aging, but still vigorous [[Ovatha Ito]] leads an army against the Aharin in order to preserve and protect his holdings in Chey Sart. The united Variag and Chey armies are defeated and routed when, ironically, Ovatha, the horse-slayer himself is crushed under his own horse. This defeat at the [[Battle of the Grass Tombs]] in Central Chey Sart marks the beginning of the Empire of Khand’s decline and decay. During the next 54 years, the [[bard]] enjoys the unprecedented honour of being the master of all the Ahar Warrior-kings.
   
 
*1810 [[Teluhmetar]] at least captures Umbar, destroying the last descendants of Castamir and subjecting the haven to military rule. The defeated Umbarean artistocracy withdraws to Ramlond and Gobel Ancalimon.
 
*1810 [[Teluhmetar]] at least captures Umbar, destroying the last descendants of Castamir and subjecting the haven to military rule. The defeated Umbarean artistocracy withdraws to Ramlond and Gobel Ancalimon.
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*1856-1899 Wainrider kingdom in Gondor
 
*1856-1899 Wainrider kingdom in Gondor
   
*1865 – 1921 With the ebbing of Gondor's power, Uvatha strikes out into the Harad, capturing the [[Res]] and caravan routes along the Ered Harmal and isolating Valarith. In his invasions he uses his [[Brygath]] Wainrider thralls.
+
*1865 – 1921 With the ebbing of Gondor's power, Uvatha strikes out into the Harad, capturing the [[Res]] and caravan routes along the Ered Harmal and isolating Valarith. In his invasions he uses his [[Brygath]] Wainrider thralls.
   
 
*1899 Calihmetar defeats the Wainriders at [[Dagorlad]], whose hold on Rhovanion collapses.
 
*1899 Calihmetar defeats the Wainriders at [[Dagorlad]], whose hold on Rhovanion collapses.
   
*c. 1935 Amrun is the last Haradim realm not under Variag domination. Uvatha and the priestesses of the [[Temple of the Lord of Darkness]] assist the members of the [[Cult of Melkor]] in their attempts to seize control of the kingdom. These attempts ultimately fail.
+
*c. 1935 Amrun is the last Haradim realm not under Variag domination. Uvatha and the priestesses of the [[Temple of the Lord of Darkness]] assist the members of the [[Cult of Melkor]] in their attempts to seize control of the kingdom. These attempts ultimately fail.
   
 
*1940 Uvatha, satisfied with his gains in the Harad and feeling (mistakenly) secure in the strength of his northern holdings, returns to Mordor. Umbar falls to the combined forces of the Haruze and the surviving rebels based at Ramlond. The Wainrider-Variag-Haruze alliance sweeps westward through Harad.
 
*1940 Uvatha, satisfied with his gains in the Harad and feeling (mistakenly) secure in the strength of his northern holdings, returns to Mordor. Umbar falls to the combined forces of the Haruze and the surviving rebels based at Ramlond. The Wainrider-Variag-Haruze alliance sweeps westward through Harad.
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*1943 [[Taskrel]] [[Akil VI]] of Amrûn is assassinated by the [[Mahurk]], a fanatical branch of the cult of Melkor, by whose machinations the men of Amrûn join the Wainrider Alliance.
 
*1943 [[Taskrel]] [[Akil VI]] of Amrûn is assassinated by the [[Mahurk]], a fanatical branch of the cult of Melkor, by whose machinations the men of Amrûn join the Wainrider Alliance.
   
*1944 The Wainriders invade Gondor. An army of [[Igath]] invades Gondor from the north, while an allied force of Igath, Variags and Haradrim attacks from the south. Gondor drives out the invasion, at the [[Battle of the Camp]] and drives them into the [[Dead Marches]], but at the cost of King [[Ondoher]] and both his sons. Ovatha is killed in battle against [[Eärnil]].
+
*1944 The Wainriders invade Gondor. An army of [[Igath]] invades Gondor from the north, while an allied force of Igath, Variags and Haradrim attacks from the south. Gondor drives out the invasion, at the [[Battle of the Camp]] and drives them into the [[Dead Marches]], but at the cost of King [[Ondoher]] and both his sons. Ovatha is killed in battle against [[Eärnil]].
   
 
*1946 [[Naiv II Agan]], grandson of Akil VI, recovers the throne of Amrûn, and brings peace to eastern Haruzan. The abandoned site of Mirlond is settled by Haruze, who rename the town [[Kas Marzûk]]. In Pezarsan and Lurmsakûn, Variags and Igath are hunted and slain like wild dogs.
 
*1946 [[Naiv II Agan]], grandson of Akil VI, recovers the throne of Amrûn, and brings peace to eastern Haruzan. The abandoned site of Mirlond is settled by Haruze, who rename the town [[Kas Marzûk]]. In Pezarsan and Lurmsakûn, Variags and Igath are hunted and slain like wild dogs.
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*2002 Fall of [[Minas Ithil]], afterwards known as [[Minas Morgul]].
 
*2002 Fall of [[Minas Ithil]], afterwards known as [[Minas Morgul]].
   
*2060 The power of [[Dol Guldur]] grows. The [[Wise]] fear that it may be Sauron taking shape again.
+
*2060 The power of [[Dol Guldur]] grows. The [[Wise]] fear that it may be Sauron taking shape again.
   
 
*2063-2460 The Watchful peace. Sauron retreats and hides in the East. The [[Ladnocans]] grow in power among the Haruze.
 
*2063-2460 The Watchful peace. Sauron retreats and hides in the East. The [[Ladnocans]] grow in power among the Haruze.
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*2741 The Haruze seize the coastal settlements of Harondor, thereby terminating the last vestige of Gondorian control south of the Poros. Tescel Varazin starts the invasion of Ithilien.
 
*2741 The Haruze seize the coastal settlements of Harondor, thereby terminating the last vestige of Gondorian control south of the Poros. Tescel Varazin starts the invasion of Ithilien.
   
*2744 The [[Battle of Hyand Byth]]. The army of Tescel Varazin is defeated on Ithilien, and forced to retreat.
+
*2744 The [[Battle of Hyand Byth]]. The army of Tescel Varazin is defeated on Ithilien, and forced to retreat.
   
 
*2758-2759 The Long Winter. The Corsairs, now dominated by the Cult of Melkor, launch a devastating attack on the coasts of Gondor and as far north as [[Rohan]] and [[Eriador]]. The Ladnocans briefly retake power in Chelkar.
 
*2758-2759 The Long Winter. The Corsairs, now dominated by the Cult of Melkor, launch a devastating attack on the coasts of Gondor and as far north as [[Rohan]] and [[Eriador]]. The Ladnocans briefly retake power in Chelkar.
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*2957 2980 [[Aragorn]], Chieftain of the Rangers of the North and last heir of the line of Elendil, travels from Gondor to farthest Harad and aids the few remaining defenders of the old traditions. Under the name of [[Helak-il-Auatzin]] (Helak, Master of Spirits), he foments Haruze resistance to the [[Vatracin]].
 
*2957 2980 [[Aragorn]], Chieftain of the Rangers of the North and last heir of the line of Elendil, travels from Gondor to farthest Harad and aids the few remaining defenders of the old traditions. Under the name of [[Helak-il-Auatzin]] (Helak, Master of Spirits), he foments Haruze resistance to the [[Vatracin]].
   
*2980 A Gondorian attack on the Haven of Umbar led by Helak-il-Auatzin destroys much of the gathered fleet.
+
*2980 A Gondorian attack on the Haven of Umbar led by Helak-il-Auatzin destroys much of the gathered fleet.
   
 
*3018 – 3019 War of the Ring. Destruction of the [[One Ring]]. The [[Ringwraiths]] pass out of Arda forever.
 
*3018 – 3019 War of the Ring. Destruction of the [[One Ring]]. The [[Ringwraiths]] pass out of Arda forever.
  +
  +
===References===
  +
*Wes J. Frank: Near Harad
   
 
==Rhûn==
 
==Rhûn==

Revision as of 08:12, 19 September 2012

Farthest East

1794 - division of the empire of Lôchas Drûs.

Near-Harad

  • 1 – 470 Continuing decline of Khand. Its borders are pushed back to the Gap of Khand (v. Khandu Prakhod) in the north, and to the banks of Noz Peka in the south.


  • c.50-700 The Lords of Umbar seek to reconsolidate their old sphere of influence along the coasts and Harnendor, but many of the Haruze Kings now look to the Gondorian kings for patronage and stability, drawing the men of Gondor into frequent conflicts with Umbar and its clients.
  • 500 – 900 Periods of war and aggression flicker along the borders of Khand, involving the Variags with the Nuriag, Asdriag, Chey, and Haradrim. As well, conflicts between the seven Orodriag further destabilize Khand.
  • 550 – 950 The Varjev of Lurmsakûn conquer a dozen of scattered Haruze states, most of Pezarsan and cross the Ered Harmal to invade the Chey steppes. They declare protectorate over the Avari Elvish tribes of the mountains, something even Ûvatha had never achieved, and clear the way for a sudden burst of trans-continental trade. Standstill in the vales of the Ered Harmal between the Varjev in the north-west and the Chyan in the south-east, preserved only by their common interests in maintaining trade. During the following 400 years the uneasy peace is only broken by occasional Varjev raids against the Chyan Empire and unsuccessful attempts of conquest by the Chyan Great Kings.
  • 748 The rise of the ship kings in Gondor, starting with Siriondil. Siriondil appoints his son Tarannon Captain of the Hosts, and Tarannon begins to extend royal influence into the old spheres of the Pelargirean League.
  • 754 King Siriondil officially dissolves the Pelargirean League. Tarannon captures Mírlond.
  • 830 Tarannon Falastur gives the name of Harondor to the newly-acquired provincial domain south of the Poros. Lond Tolfalas, Mírlond and Glanhir receive township status from Tarannon. In Umbar, the Captains call for war, but Taskrel Eben Fensayk of Amrûn is able to promote a policy of reconciliation between Gondor and Umbar. This will lead instead to some incidents and provocations (sabotage, piracy) instead of open fighting.
  • 830 (fall) The Zâur an-Anî (the Creed of Men), a Mulkhêrite cult, starts again to influence the Council of Captains of Umbar, in the course of actions to take against Gondor and Bellakar.
  • 831 Taskrel Eben Fensayk of Amrûn tries to maintain peace between Gondor and Umbar, through a truce agreement, but he is unable to avoid incidents and provocations from both realms.
  • 845 Zagarkhâd, member of the Council of the Captains, ally with the Nuzhaj, a venerable order of Haruze scholars that had its roots in the Dark Years of Second Age.
  • 861 Arnor is sundered into three sister-realms.
  • 896 Hamaluk Lengur takes with his elite soldiers the city of Amrûn, and kills Eben Fensayk. He supports both Gondor and Umbar for an upcoming war. The war is declared seven years later.
  • 913-933 Eärnil I succeeds Tarannon, repairs the haven of Pelargir, and builds a great navy.
  • 918 The Jelut of the Urdwaith, the desert country east of Umbar, are unified by a nomad dynasty, the Muargiz, who are experts in cavalry warfare.
  • 933 The Zâur an-Anî seizes control of Umbar and rebuilds the temple of Mulkhêr.
  • 950 The Varjev disintegrates in Pezarsan. Several petty realms claim the succession of the Varjev realm.
  • 987 Tallas Lengur, the last Taskrel King of his line, foolishly engages into a conflict against Gondor. He is defeated at Taloc Passage, on the lower Carnen just above Gobel Ancalimon, and Cyriandil annexes all the lands between the Carnen and the Middle Carnen. Ciryaher founds the settlement of Barad Harn.
  • 988 Tiras Amrûn established to counter Umbarean influence in Amrûn. Eben Imocra of Engiz signs an alliance and claims friendship with Gondor, and becomes the new ruler of Amrûn.
  • 990-97 Eben Akil conquers all Pezarsan, and unofficially joins the Southron Alliance.
  • 1012 (spring) The meeting of Desul Muargiz, leader of the Southron Alliance, and of Khêruzôr of Dûsalan is recorded in both the King’s Men and the Haradrim archives. It prepares the upcoming war against Gondor.
  • 1012 The War of the Exiles. Desul proclaims himself Autarb of all Haruzan, a title held last by Ard Vedaraba and Fuinur Stormheart, but is killed by one of his Umbarean allies.
  • 1016 In Tiras Amrûn, Gondor and the leaders of the Southron Alliance agree to a truce in the conflict.
  • 1033 A mercenary army coming from Khand invades Heb Aaraan. Entoj Adun, descendant of Queen Ard the Vain, establishes the realm of Alkyad. His descendants will dominate the valleys of the Ered Harmal during six centuries.
  • 1045 The Southron Alliance is revived under a new warlord, Talasc Imocra, son of Eben Akil of Korb Taskral. Under inspiration of the Shining Lady, those refusing his leadership are massacred at the Oasis of Five Palms. Talasc Imocra claims to be the true heir of the Kibic, the Nuzhaj and all warlords of the past.
  • 1049 Kadar an-Bêlabâr (Ancalimon’s town) is taken by the Bellakarâni, while Cyriaher achieves a great victory at Blacksand vale against the Southron Alliance, and is therefore called Hyarmendacil, the South Victor.
  • 1050 Hyarmendacil I, the last Ship-king, conquers Harad and forces its Kings to accept Gondor as overlord. Gondor is at the height of its power. A descendant of Eben Fensayk is crowned in Amrûn.
  • 1055 Rise of the Arbitrars (those wishing to extend Gondor’s power) and of the Purists (those considering most the racial pride) in Gondor, after a failed attempt of pacification of Pezarsan and Lurmsakûn. The Arbitrars are in truth used by the Haruze, and particularly the Seraf (warriors by day, scholars at evening, and poets at night)), to fight their wars as surely as Uvatha used the Variags.
  • c. 1150 Telgir the Mystic, of mixed Dúnadan and Haruze ancestry and rumoured to be an illegitimate son of King Hyarmendacil of Gondor, befriends the Avar Elves of the Suncrown and, with the support of the Wizard Alatar the Blue, he founds a retreat for exiled Dúnedain in one of their mountain valleys. He names it Velarith (S. Gods Safety). It will become a mythical refuge for enslaved and hunted folk of many races.
  • 1216 Erenin, daughter of Erenvil, third son of King Atanatar, travels across Endor by way of Haruze and Chey lands and then eastward, pursued by priests of the Cult of the Fire King, servants of Ren the Nazgûl. She slays ten of them in a series of duels in the cities of the Lóchas Drûs, then sails home on an Umbarean ship. She begs her grandfather for warriors to defeat the minions of the Shadow she saw in every eastern land. The King refuses.
  • 1222 Erenin leaves for Maresh, joining her father and the Grand Captain Turgon. They prepare a Sacred War for a final cleansing of evil from the lands of Middle-earth. Pell Vuk (or Rosethorn as he is called in the chronicles in the West) and Pegan Soy (or Whitetail) hear of the Dúnedain gathering west of the Suncrown. They make peace with the Variag on their western frontier and renew their alliance with the Ahar to the east, then send stern letters to Maresh, warning the Holy Warriors gathered there to consider that the Chey warlords, in their way, also fought the forces of evil.
  • 1223 The Sacred War begins. From Maresh the Sacred Band, some four thousand Gondorians and ten times that number of Haradrim, marches onto the Plateau of Khand. They break the Variag forces near the fortress of Ovatharac in sight of the peaks of the Suncrown and advance on Sturlurtsa Khand. Ûvatha, brooding in his dark palace, ignores Erenvil’s challenge to single combat. After a second bloody victory outside Sturlurtsa Khand ruins the main Variag army, plague breaks out in the city and the Sacred Band’s leaders refuse to risk a siege. Satisfied with their work, they march down from the plateau and into eastern Lurmsakûn. That autumn they cross the Ered Harmal, bypass the Avar forests, and secure quarters and supply in Heb Aaraan, east of the mountains.
  • 1224 Turgon and Erenvil strike out across the steppes and find nothing as their enemies retreat before them. They head first for Ulk Chey Sart, anticipating that the Chey and their allies will defend it. Instead, they find it erupting and spewing a foul smoke, polluting the springs and streams and killing the horses and cattle. After a battle at the foot of Ulk Chey Sart and the capture of Pegan Soy, the Holy Warriors pursue the seemingly retraining Chey to the north-east, intending to drive the Chey across their eastern frontiers and water their horses in the great river Numahar. After days of painful walk across trackless, waterless country swarming with steppe warriors, Turgon, Erenvil and Erenin and thousands of others, are all killed at the Battle of Calterc Prairie.
  • 1225 The corpse of Princess Erenin is brought back in a cask to King Atanatar. In the aftermath of Calterc Prairie, all of the high plains of central Endor are aflame with war.
  • 1240 Narmacil creates the office of Captain of Ships, and hands it over to Calihmetar and his descendants, thus severing the rule of Pelargir and the fleets from the royal house.
  • 1264 – 1640 The Nazgûl Ren, in the guise of the divine Al Chey Sart rules all the Chey; he will keep his power for centuries.
  • 1432 – 1448 The Kin-strife in Gondor, between the royalists of Eldacar and the confederates (or traditionalists) of Castamir. Taskrel Jusan Akil of Amrûn attempts to reconciliate Eldacar and Castamir, but is ignored.
  • 1447 – 1451 Variag under Ûvatha conquer Lurmsakûn. The second Variag empire is at its greatest extent. Jusan Akil of Amrûn organizes an alliance against Ûvatha. Pezarsan remains an Haruze territory.
  • 1479-80 Taskrel Jusan Tural of Amrûn conquers the East March of Harondor from the confederates, who offer out of desperation to subsidize an Amrûn invasion of Ithilien. But Jusan Tural turns eastward to put an end to the Variag raids into Pezarsan.
  • 1490-1508 Emig Cosrah unites Pezarsan in revolt against Amrûn. He then takes Lurmsakûn from the Variags, then subjugates Amrûn. Emig sends his grandson Temer to study in Gondor.
  • 1523 Emig Cosrah is murdered by an Umbarean assassin. Temer Cosrah reaches in disguise Pezarsan.
  • c. 1530-1540 The Cosrah rule more territory than any Haruze since the Varjev, a thousand years before. Sauron, watching with alarm orders his servants to break up the new power. Temer Cosrah subdues much of Chelkar. Intervention by Uvatha leads to a war with the Variags, started at the behest of Sauron. This destracts Temer from his plans to conquer Harondor and the Ethirest, but drives Uvatha back into Khand.
  • 1540 Aldamir retakes Harnendor from the rebels, capturing Amon Eithel, Barad Harn and Gobel Mirlond but is slain in the process. In reaction, the Umbarean Council appoints Castamaitë Admiral of the Ethir Fleet. Vinyarion fortifies the Men Harnen.
  • 1545 Vinyarion captures Tiras Amrûn.
  • 1549 Near Harad is united under Temer Cosrah. He forms a new Southron Alliance to prevent Gondor from regaining its dominance in Harad. The Grand Autarb gains allies among Variags, Umbareans, and Chey . Vinyarion of Gondor grants Umbar a twenty-year truce to gather strength against the Southron Alliance. Umbar uses the truce to rebuild its military and solidify its trading position in Western Endor.
  • 1551 Vinyarion defeats the united armies of the Haradrim on the River of Graves, slaying Temer Cosrah. He accepts the nominal allegiance of several cities in Near Harad and takes the name Hyarmendacil II.
  • 1551-95 The Variags gain a tenuous control over Lurmsakun.
  • 1572 Ûvatha regais control of Lurmsakûn, but his Variag hordes are weaker than they had once been.
  • 1613-1622 An alliance of Haruze lords lords rises in Pezarsan and drives Variags out of Lurmsakûn. The invading barbarians return to Khand, greatly weakened.
  • 1636 The Great Plague passes through Harad, slaying perhaps a quarter of the population. Earthquakes destroy cities of Amrûn and Gobel Ancalimon. Corsair raids begin again, as factions quarrel within the government of Umbar.
  • 1671 – 1672 Parnelion Sey comes out of his refuge at Red Holes and leads his people in a rebellion that sweeps the Chey out of Ahar territory. Parnelion lieutenant, Alafar Mem, leads his hard-riding army to victory, invading Chey Sart in utter fury. An aging, but still vigorous Ovatha Ito leads an army against the Aharin in order to preserve and protect his holdings in Chey Sart. The united Variag and Chey armies are defeated and routed when, ironically, Ovatha, the horse-slayer himself is crushed under his own horse. This defeat at the Battle of the Grass Tombs in Central Chey Sart marks the beginning of the Empire of Khand’s decline and decay. During the next 54 years, the bard enjoys the unprecedented honour of being the master of all the Ahar Warrior-kings.
  • 1810 Teluhmetar at least captures Umbar, destroying the last descendants of Castamir and subjecting the haven to military rule. The defeated Umbarean artistocracy withdraws to Ramlond and Gobel Ancalimon.
  • 1856-1899 Wainrider kingdom in Gondor
  • 1865 – 1921 With the ebbing of Gondor's power, Uvatha strikes out into the Harad, capturing the Res and caravan routes along the Ered Harmal and isolating Valarith. In his invasions he uses his Brygath Wainrider thralls.
  • 1899 Calihmetar defeats the Wainriders at Dagorlad, whose hold on Rhovanion collapses.
  • c. 1935 Amrun is the last Haradim realm not under Variag domination. Uvatha and the priestesses of the Temple of the Lord of Darkness assist the members of the Cult of Melkor in their attempts to seize control of the kingdom. These attempts ultimately fail.
  • 1940 Uvatha, satisfied with his gains in the Harad and feeling (mistakenly) secure in the strength of his northern holdings, returns to Mordor. Umbar falls to the combined forces of the Haruze and the surviving rebels based at Ramlond. The Wainrider-Variag-Haruze alliance sweeps westward through Harad.
  • 1943 Taskrel Akil VI of Amrûn is assassinated by the Mahurk, a fanatical branch of the cult of Melkor, by whose machinations the men of Amrûn join the Wainrider Alliance.
  • 1944 The Wainriders invade Gondor. An army of Igath invades Gondor from the north, while an allied force of Igath, Variags and Haradrim attacks from the south. Gondor drives out the invasion, at the Battle of the Camp and drives them into the Dead Marches, but at the cost of King Ondoher and both his sons. Ovatha is killed in battle against Eärnil.
  • 1946 Naiv II Agan, grandson of Akil VI, recovers the throne of Amrûn, and brings peace to eastern Haruzan. The abandoned site of Mirlond is settled by Haruze, who rename the town Kas Marzûk. In Pezarsan and Lurmsakûn, Variags and Igath are hunted and slain like wild dogs.
  • 2060 The power of Dol Guldur grows. The Wise fear that it may be Sauron taking shape again.
  • 2063-2460 The Watchful peace. Sauron retreats and hides in the East. The Ladnocans grow in power among the Haruze.
  • 2300-2375 The Ladnocan Omrusin dynasty of Amrûn dominates lower Harnen and the Urdwaith, and Umbar is obliged to pay subsidies, at least for a time.
  • 2360 Steward Hador of Gondor and Naiv V of Amrûn prepare an assault against Umbar, but is thwarted at the last moment when a talented family of corsairs take control of the Council of Umbar.
  • 2475 The attack on Harithilien is renewed. Osgiliath is finally ruined.
  • 2660-2720 The last Ladnocan dynasty of Haruzan, the Taminids, dominate much of Haruzan west of Amrûn. The three Taminid Autarb defy threats from the Dark Cults and ally themselves with Gondor.
  • 2730 Tescel Varazin seizes power in an obscure town of the Taminid lands, usurps the Taminid throne, and allies with Umbar and Amrûn against Gondor. A mad prophet, claiming that he inspired by the Dark Lady, claims that a Bane of Power – The Long Winter - will be soon pronounced to come to the help of the Goldly People.
  • 2735 Tescel Varazin is murdered by agents of Amrûn.
  • 2741 The Haruze seize the coastal settlements of Harondor, thereby terminating the last vestige of Gondorian control south of the Poros. Tescel Varazin starts the invasion of Ithilien.
  • 2744 The Battle of Hyand Byth. The army of Tescel Varazin is defeated on Ithilien, and forced to retreat.
  • 2758-2759 The Long Winter. The Corsairs, now dominated by the Cult of Melkor, launch a devastating attack on the coasts of Gondor and as far north as Rohan and Eriador. The Ladnocans briefly retake power in Chelkar.
  • 2885 Stirred up by emissaries of Sauron, the Haruze, led by the men of Amrûn, cross the Poros and attack Harithilien. They are defeated at Athrad Poros by the Gondorian hosts, aided by the men of Rohan. In the aftermath of the Haruze defeat, Sauron extends his dominion over the Haruze and ruins southern Gondor’s economy by cutting off trade with the southern lands.
  • 2951 Sauron declares himself openly in Mordor and starts the rebuilding of Barad-dûr.
  • 2954-3018 Sauron completes his domination of Near and Far Harad and builds up his forces in Rhovanion, Umbar and Harondor for a final war of conquest against Gondor.
  • 2957 2980 Aragorn, Chieftain of the Rangers of the North and last heir of the line of Elendil, travels from Gondor to farthest Harad and aids the few remaining defenders of the old traditions. Under the name of Helak-il-Auatzin (Helak, Master of Spirits), he foments Haruze resistance to the Vatracin.
  • 2980 A Gondorian attack on the Haven of Umbar led by Helak-il-Auatzin destroys much of the gathered fleet.
  • 3018 – 3019 War of the Ring. Destruction of the One Ring. The Ringwraiths pass out of Arda forever.

References

  • Wes J. Frank: Near Harad

Rhûn

All items (3185)

A